1875 CE - After Sparks et al. (1981) (2)
Askja 1875 CE, unit B - After Carey et al. (2010) (4)
| Above sea |
| On land |
Askja 1875 CE, unit C - After Carey et al. (2010) (5)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Askja 1875 CE, unit D - After Carey et al. (2010) (6)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Askja 1875 CE, unit C - After Carey et al. (2010) (8)
|
| Above sea |
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Askja 1875 CE, unit D - After Carey et al. (2010) (9)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Askja caldera rim - Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (10)
Askja central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (11)
Askja fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (12)
Shield craters - After Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (14)
Scoria or spatter cones - After Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (15)
Askja lavas - Thorarinsson & Sigvaldason (1962), Sigurdsson and Sparks (1978), Hartley & Thordarson (2012), Hartley and Thordarson (2013), Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015), Hartley (unpublished data) (16)
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Vatnaöldur ~870 CE - After Jónsdottir (2015) (19)
Vatnaöldur 870 CE basic - After Larsen (1984) (21)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Vatnaöldur 870 CE silicic - After Larsen (1984) (22)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Bárðarbunga, maximum range of isopachs (cm) - After Larsen et al. (2013d) (23)
Bárðarbunga caldera rim - After Björnsson (1988), Gudmundsson and Högnadóttir (2007) (24)
Bárðarbunga central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (25)
Bárðarbunga fissure swarm - Modified after Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (26)
Bárðarbunga eruptive fissures - After Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a), Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (27)
Bárðarbunga lavas - After Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998b), Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (28)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Brennisteinsfjöll fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (30)
Shield craters - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (32)
Scoria or spatter cones - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (33)
Brennisteinsfjöll lavas - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (34)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Eldey, possible range of isopachs based on submarine eruptions on Reykjanes volcanic system (cm) - After Jakobsson S.P. (Unpublished material) (36)
Esjufjöll central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (38)
2010 CE - University of Iceland (41)
2010 CE - After Gudmundsson et al. (2012) (43)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Eyjafjallajökull caldera rim - Guðmundsson et al. (2005) (44)
Eyjafjallajökull central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (45)
Eyjafjallajökull eruptive fissures - After Jakobsson (1979) (47)
Eyjafjallajökull craters - After Jakobsson (1979), Magnússon et al. (2012b) (48)
Eyjafjallajökull lavas - After Jakobsson (1979), Magnússon et al. (2012b) (49)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Fagradalsfjall fissure swarm - Sæmundsson et al., (2013) (51)
Shield craters - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (53)
Crater row - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (54)
Craters - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (55)
Fagradalsfjall lavas - After Pedersen et al. (2021) (56)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
Fagradalsfjall lavas - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (57)
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Seyðishólagjóska 9500 BP - After Jakobsson (1966) (60)
Grímsnes, eruptive fissures and craters - After Jakobsson (1966) (61)
Grímsnes central volcano (Boundary uncertain) - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998) (62)
Grímsnes lavas - After Jakobsson (2013) (63)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
2004 CE - Oddsson (2007) (66)
2011 CE - Guðnason J. (Unpublished material) (67)
Grímsvötn 2004 CE - After Oddsson (2007) (69)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Grímsvötn, maximum range of isopachs (cm) - After Oddsson et al. (2012), Gudmundsson et al. (2013) (70)
1823-2011 CE - After Thorarinsson (1974), Gudmundsson et al. (2004), Oddsson et al. (2012), Gudmundsson et al. (2013) (72)
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
Grímsvötn, tephra fall probability - After Thorarinsson (1974), Gudmundsson et al. (2004), Oddsson et al. (2012), Gudmundsson et al. (2013) (73)
Grímsvötn caldera rim - Gudmundsson and Milson (1997) (74)
Grímsvötn central volcano - After Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (75)
Grímsvötn fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (76)
Grímsvötn craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (77)
Grímsvötn, eruptive fissures - After Jóhannesson & Sæmundsson (1998a), Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (78)
Grímsvötn lavas - After Jóhannesson et al. (1990), Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (79)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
1947 CE - After Thorarinsson (1967) (82)
2000 CE - After Haraldsson (2001) (83)
Hekla H4 (2310 BCE ± 20) - After Davies et al. (2010) (85)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Hekla 1947 CE - After Thorarinsson (1954) (86)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Hekla 1980 CE - After Gronvold et al. (1983) (87)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
Hekla 2000 CE - After Lacasse et al. (2004) (88)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
1104 CE - 2000 CE - After Thorarinsson (1967), Larsen and Gíslason (2013) (90)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
5100 BCE - 300 BCE - After Larsen and Thorarinsson (1977), Larsen and Eiriksson (2008a), Larsen and Eiriksson (2008b) (91)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
Hekla - Vatnafjöll, tephra fall probability - After Larsen and Gíslason (2013) (92)
Hekla - Vatnafjöll, maximum range of isopachs (cm) - Based on Thorarinsson (1967) (93)
Hekla - Vatnafjöll, eruptive fissures - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998b); Larsen et al. (2013a) (94)
Hekla central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (95)
Hekla - Vatnafjöll fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (96)
Hekla - Vatnafjöll lavas - Jóhannesson and Einarsson (1992), Larsen et al. (2013a) (97)
| Older than 4300 years |
| 4300-2000 years |
| Younger than 2000 years |
| mostly younger than 1000 years |
2000 CE (99)
1991 CE (100)
1980 - 1981 CE (101)
1970 CE (102)
1947 - 1948 CE (103)
1913 CE (104)
1878 CE (105)
1845 - 1846 CE (106)
1766 - 1768 CE (107)
1725 CE (108)
1693 CE (109)
1554 CE (110)
1389 - 1390 CE (111)
1300 CE (112)
1206 CE (113)
1158 CE (114)
Unidentified lava flow fields (XX, X1 etc.) (115)
Helgrindur central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (117)
Helgrindur fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (118)
Helgrindur craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (119)
Helgrindur lavas - After Jóhannesson (1994) (120)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Sandeyjargjóska 1900 BP - After Sæmundsson (2011) (123)
|
| Above lake |
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Hofsjökull caldera rim - After Björnsson (1988) (125)
Hofsjökull central volcanoes - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (126)
Hofsjökull fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (127)
Hofsjökull craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998b) (128)
Hofsjökull lavas - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998b) (129)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Katla SILK-LN - After Thorsteinsdóttir (2015) (132)
Katla 1625 CE - After Schmith J. (Unpublished material) (133)
Katla 1755 CE - After Schmith J. (Unpublished material) (134)
katla 1918 CE - After Jónsdóttir (2015) (135)
Katla SILK-LN - After Larsen et al. (2001) (137)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Katla ~1500 CE - After Larsen et al. (2013) (138)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Katla 1625 CE - After Larsen (2000) (139)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Katla 1755 CE - After Thorarinsson (1980), Larsen G. (Unpublished material) (140)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Katla 1918 CE - After Jónsdóttir (2015) (141)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Katla 1918 CE - After Larsen et al. (2021) (142)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
900 CE - 2000 CE - After Larsen and Gíslason (2013) (144)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
10,200 BCE - 400 CE - After Larsen and Eiriksson (2008) (145)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
Katla, tephra fall probability - After Larsen and Gíslason (2013) (146)
Katla, maximum range of isopachs (cm) - Based on Larsen et al. (2013b) (147)
Katla caldera rim - Björnsson et al. (2000) (148)
Katla central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (149)
Katla fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (150)
Katla eruptive fissures - After Larsen (2000) (151)
Katla lavas - After Larsen (2000) (152)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
~6800 BCE - 1724 CE - After Sæmundsson (1991) (155)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
Mývatn's fires 1724 CE - After Sæmundsson (1991) (157)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Hverfell 1050 BCE - After Sæmundsson (1991) (158)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Hvannstóð 3050 BCE - After Sæmundsson (1991) (159)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Krýsuvík Trölladyngja fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (161)
Shield craters - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (163)
Crater row - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (164)
Craters - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (165)
Krýsuvík Trölladyngja lavas - After Sæmundsson et al. (2010) (166)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Kverkfjöll caldera rim - Sæmundsson (1982), Gudmundsson and Högnadóttir (2007) (168)
Kverkfjöll central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (169)
Kverkfjöll fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (170)
Kverkfjöll, scoria or spatter cones - After Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (171)
Kverkfjöll lavas - After Sigurgeirsson et al. (2015) (172)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Langjökull central volcano - Modified after Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson, (1998a) (174)
Langjökull fissure swarm - Modified after Einarsson and Sæmundsson (1987), Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (175)
Langjökull craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (176)
Langjökull lavas - After Sinton et al. (2005) (177)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Rauðhálsar 960 CE - After Jóhannesson (1977) (180)
|
| Above lake |
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Ljósufjöll central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (181)
Ljósufjöll fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (182)
Ljósufjöll craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (183)
Ljósufjöll lavas - After Jóhannesson (1994) (184)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Prestahnúkur central volcano - Modified after Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (186)
Prestahnúkur fissure swarm - Modified after Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (187)
Prestahnúkur craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (188)
Prestahnúkur lavas - After Sinton et al. (2005), Jakobsson (2013) (189)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
1226 CE - After Magnúsdóttir (2014) (192)
1226 CE - After Sæmundsson and Sigurgeirsson (2013) (194)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
R - After Sæmundsson and Sigurgeirsson (2013) (195)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
R3 - After Sæmundsson and Sigurgeirsson (2013) (196)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Reykjanes-Svartsengi, maximum range of isopachs (cm) - After Sigurgeirsson (Unpublished material) (197)
Snæfell central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (2009) (199)
Sn-1 - After Jóhannesson et al. (1981) (202)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Sn-2 - After Jóhannesson et al. (1981) (203)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Sn-3 - After Jóhannesson et al. (1981) (204)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Snæfellsjökull, caldera rim - After Jóhannesson (2014) (205)
Snæfellsjökull central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (206)
Snæfellsjökull fissure swarm - After Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (207)
Snæfellsjökull craters - After Jóhannesson (1994) (208)
Snæfellsjökull lavas - After Jóhannesson (2014) (209)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Vatnaöldur 870 CE silicic - After Larsen (1984) (212)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On glacier |
|
| On land |
1903 CE - After Thorarinsson (1974) (215)
|
| 5 - 10 cubic km |
|
| 1 - 5 cubic km |
|
| 0.5 - 1 cubic km |
|
| 0.1 - 0.5 cubic km |
|
| 0.05 - 0.1 cubic km |
|
| Less than 0.05 cubic km |
Þórðarhyrna central volcanoes - After Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (216)
Þórðarhyrna fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (217)
Þórðarhyrna craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (218)
Þórðarhyrna eruptive fissures - After Jóhannesson & Sæmundsson (1998a), Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (219)
Þórðarhyrna lavas - After Gudmundsson et al. (2013a) (220)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Tindfjallajökull caldera rim - Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland (222)
Tindfjallajökull central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998) (223)
Tindafjallajökull craters - Icelandic Meteorological Office (224)
Tungnafellssjökull Vonarskarð caldera rim - Sæmundsson (1982) (226)
Tungnafellssjökull Vonarskarð central volcano - After Björnsdóttir and Einarsson (2013) (227)
Tungnafellsjökull fissure swarm - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (228)
Tungnafellssjökull Vonarskarð craters - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (229)
Tungnafellssjökull - Vonarskarð lavas - After Kjartansson (1965) (230)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Heimaey 1973 CE - After Jóhannsson and Helgason (1975) (233)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Vestmannaeyjar central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998a) (234)
Heimaey, craters - After Mattson et al. (2005) (236)
Heimaey, eruptive fissures - After Jakobsson (1975) (237)
Surtsey craters - After Jakobsson (2000) (238)
Heimaey lavas - After Jakobsson (1975) (240)
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
Heimaey, other formations - After Jakobsson (1975) (241)
| Non consolidated sediments |
| Scoria |
| Tuff |
Surtsey lavas - After Jakobsson (2000) (242)
| April-1964 - May 1965, Lava |
| August 1966 - June 1967, Lava |
| December 1966 - January 1967, Lava |
Surtsey, other formations - After Jakobsson (2000) (243)
| Coastal sediments |
|
| Coastal sediments, boulder ridge |
| Eolian sand, talus and debris fans |
|
| Scoria |
|
| Palagonite tuff |
| Tephra |
Öræfajökull 1362 CE - After Thorarinsson (1958), Guðmundsson et al. (2013) (246)
|
| Above sea |
|
| On land |
Öræfajökull caldera rim - Magnússon et al. (2012) (247)
Öræfajökull central volcano - Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998) (248)
Öræfajökull lavas - After Jóhannesson (2014) (249)
|
| Historical (After 870 CE) |
|
| Prehistoric (Before 870 CE) |
|
